In Vitro Microscopic Evaluation of Metal- And Zirconium-Oxide-Based Crowns' Marginal Fit

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the marginal adaptation of computer-aided designing and computer-aided machining (CAD/CAM) fabricated cobalt-chromium and zirconium-oxide-based ceramic crowns compared to those produced by a conventional method. Material and Methods The study consists of three groups; 45 crowns fabricated from cobalt-chromium (CAD-CoCr) and 45 crowns manufactured from zirconium CAD/CAM technology (CAD-Z), and 45 control (C) which consists of conventional metal-ceramic crowns. The marginal discrepancies in vertical dimensions were assessed utilizing a microscope in four surfaces (mesial, distal, vestibular, and oral) for each crown. On completion of the microscopic evaluation, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to study the difference in the four surfaces, considered altogether. Two-way ANOVA revealed the effect of three systems used for gap measurements of each landmark. The differences observed were considered significant at p<0.05. Results There were no differences in the four surfaces revealed by АNOVА in the three groups when considered altogether. Two-way ANOVA of each surface discovered no differences among all groups as well. Conclusion The CAD/CAM crowns revealed a comparable and satisfactory marginal adaptation compared to conventional metal-ceramic crowns.

Efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract and hypertonic saline solution as intratesticular chemical sterilizing agents in dogs / Eficácia do extrato de folha de Azadirachta indica (Neem) e solução salina hipertônica como agente químico esterilizante intratesticular em cães

Castration refers to induced sterility via physical, chemical, or hormonal methods. Chemical castration is an efficient and reliable technique in contrast to other sterilization procedures as it is less painful to physical methods and cost­effective to hormonal methods. Azadirachta indica (neem), is a charismatic plant as its leaves possess anti­inflammatory, anti­microbial, and anti­androgenic chattels. To abate the escalating human population in South Asia, neem oil and neem leaf extract have been effectively used as a contraceptive agent. The key determinant of the current study was to evaluate Neem as a chemical sterilizing agent, (either necrotic or apoptotic), in dogs injected intratesticular in comparison to a hypertonic saline solution. Pre­ and post­injection testicular width size and blood samples for serum testosterone levels were collected on alternative days. Results disclosed substantial changes in testicular width size, histopathological profile, and serum testosterone level. A non­significant (P > 0.05) pre­injection testicular width readings in contrast to a significant increase (P < 0.05) three days post­injection was noted in all the competitive groups. The mean values recorded for testicular width size at the end of the trial study via neem leaf extract, 30% HSS and, control groups were 27.7362 ± 2.3315mm, 30.9594 ± 4.6861mm, and 24.5023 ± 2.5387mm, respectively. A declining trend, regarding serum testosterone level being statistically significant (P < 0.05) was recorded in treated groups (A, B) in contrast to the control group (C) as the values were 1.5357 ± 0.7819ng, 1.2669 ± 0.9095ng, and 2.4517 ± 0.1827ng in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Histopathological findings advocated the presence of apoptotic bodies in the neem treated group whereas the presence of degenerated interstitial cells, necrosed seminiferous tubules, damaged germinal epithelium, and ceased spermatogenesis was also studied in both competitive groups. Thus, the apoptotic effect and anti­inflammatory property of neem leaf extract resulted in less painful castration and verified Azadirachta indica as a better substitute for chemical castration in contrast to hypertonic saline solution.(AU)

A castração consiste na indução da esterilidade por meio físico, químico ou hormonal. A castração química é uma técnica eficiente e confiável, em contraste com outros procedimentos de esterilização, pois é menos dolorosa para os métodos físicos e econômicos para os métodos hormonais. Azadirachta indica (neem), é uma planta carismática, pois possui folhas anti­inflamatórias, antimicrobianas e antiandrogênicas. Para diminuir a crescente população humana no sul da Ásia, o óleo de nim e o extrato de folhas de nim têm sido efetivamente usados como agente contraceptivo. O principal determinante deste estudo atual foi avaliar o Neem como um agente esterilizante químico (necrótico ou apoptótico) em cães injetados intratesticularmente em comparação com uma solução salina hipertônica. O tamanho da largura testicular pré e pós­injeção e as amostras de sangue para os níveis séricos de testosterona foram colhidas em dias alternados. Os resultados obtidos revelaram alterações substanciais no tamanho da largura testicular, perfil histopatológico e nível sérico de testosterona. Observou­se uma leitura não significativa (P> 0,05) da largura testicular da pré­injeção, em contraste com um aumento significativo (P <0,05) três dias após a injeção em todos os grupos competitivos.Os valores médios registrados para o tamanho da largura testicular no final do estudo via extrato de folhas de nim,HSS a 30% e grupos controle foram 27,7362 ± 2,3315 mm, 30,9594 ± 4,6861 mm e 24,5023 ± 2,5387 mm, respectivamente.Uma tendência decrescente, com relação ao nível sérico de testosterona sendo estatisticamente significante (P <0,05), foi registrada nos grupos tratados (A, B), em contraste com o grupo controle (C), pois os valores eram 1,5357 ± 0,7819ng, 1,2669 ± 0,9095ng e 2,4517 ± 0,1827ng nos grupos A, B e C, respectivamente. Os achados histopatológicos advogaram a presença de corpos apoptóticos no grupo tratado com nim, enquanto a presença de células intersticiais degeneradas, túbulos seminíferos necrosados, epitélio germinativo danificado e espermatogênese interrompida também foi estudada nos dois grupos competitivos. Assim, o efeito apoptótico e a propriedade anti­inflamatória do extrato de folhas de nim resultaram em uma castração menos dolorosa e confirmaram que a Azadirachta indica foi um melhor substituto para a castração química do que a solução salina hipertônica.(AU)

Anatomical variations of mental foramen: a retrospective cross-sectional study / Variaciones anatómicas del foramen mental: un estudio transversal retrospectivo

Mental foramen is (MF) an important anatomical landmark that has clinical significance during dental treatments such as placing dental implants or endodontic treatment of mandibular premolars. The location and morphology of mental foramen varies among populations. The aim of this study is to determine the range of variations in the anatomical location and shape of mental foramen. This is a retrospective study conducted using panoramic radiographic (OPG) data of patients. A total of 498 panoramic radiographic images showing erupted lower premolars and first molars were included. All OPGs data were sorted in six study groups and analyzed statistically. The majority of cases (57 %) showed the presence of MF in line with the long axis of 2nd premolar. Only 3.2 % of MFs were in line with the long axis of first premolar. The shape of MF was round in majority (40 %) followed by oval shape (35.7 %). Irregular shape mental foramens were observed in 24.3 % of cases. The p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The anatomical location of mental foramen varies between first premolar to first molar. In terms of shape, the mental foramen ranged from round/oval to irregular. Although, the position and shape varied with age of the patient, there is no predictable correlation between the age and position or shape of mental foramen.

El foramen mental (FM) es un hito anatómico importante que tiene importancia clínica durante los tratamientos dentales, como en la colocación de implantes o en el tratamiento endodóntico de los premolares mandibulares. La ubicación y morfología del foramen mental varía entre las poblaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el rango de variaciones en la ubicación y la forma del foramen mental. Este es un estudio retrospectivo utilizando datos radiográficos panorámicos (DRP) de los pacientes. Se incluyeron un total de 498 imágenes radiográficas panorámicas que mostraban premolares inferiores y primeros molares erupcionados. Todos los datos de DRP se clasificaron en seis grupos de estudio y se analizaron estadísticamente. La mayoría de los casos (57 %) mostraron la presencia de FM en línea con el eje largo del segundo premolar. Solo el 3,2 % de los MF se alinearon con el eje largo del primer premolar. La forma de FM fue redonda en su mayoría (40 %) seguida de forma ovalada (35,7 %). Se observaron foramen mentales de forma irregular en el 24,3 % de los casos. El valor p <0.05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. La ubicación del foramen mental varía entre el primer premolar al primer molar. En términos de forma, el foramen mental varió de redondo / oval a irregular. Aunque la posición y la forma variaron con la edad del paciente, no existe una correlación predecible entre la edad y la posición o la forma del foramen mental.

Facial antibioma formation: a case report

Odontogenic infections are associated with a variety of microorganisms. antibiotics are commonly used for the management of various dental infections and have a proven role in decreasing morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases. the frequent and over usage of antibiotics has been associated with a number of consequences such as the selection of drug resistant strains, and the formation of antibiomas. antibiomas are characterized by the formation of a localized pathology surrounded by thick fibrous tissues in response to long term antibiotics use. an established antibioma is characterized by a tough fibrous swelling accompanied by painful or painless swelling, intermittent fever and constitutional symptoms. in this article, we are reporting the case of a facial antibioma formed due to prolonged use of antibiotics prescribed for a residual periapical infection following endodontic treatment. in addition, the association of using antibiotics in this context is discussed.

Relative popularity level of medicinal plants in Talagang, Punjab Province, Pakistan

ABSTRACT This is the first ethnobotanical exploration with the aim to document the traditional medicinal usage of plants with the therapeutic values in Tehsil Talagang of Punjab province, Pakistan. The study shows the dependence of local people on medicinal plants in their daily life and provides practical evidence regarding the traditional usage of medicinal plants in health care practices. A total of 196 respondents including residents of the study area with gender representation and traditional healers were interviewed by using visual appraisal approach and rapid rural appraisal methods along semi-structured interviews and open-ended questionnaire. The data was quantitatively analyzed by using quantitative indices like use value, the relative frequency of citation, informant consensus factor, fidelity level and relative importance. A comparison with 25 published ethnobotanical and pharmacological studies was carried out to authenticate the ethnomedicinal relevance of the data recorded. The ethnomedicinal practices of 101 medicinal plants belonging to 36 families were reported. The results indicated that the dominant family was Brassicaceae (nine species). Herbs (57%) were the most dominant life form and leaves (29%) were the frequently used plant part with 45 reports. Mentha arvensis was found as highly cited plant species by respondents. The highest informant consensus factor value (0.65) was found for gastrointestinal disease category. There are 25 plant species having 100% fidelity level value. Use value and relative frequency of citation ranges from 0.04 to 0.16 and 0.15 to 0.36, respectively. The majority of the plant species were found to have strong pharmacological evidence. The current study will provide the basis for the preservation of ethnomedicinal heritage, knowledge and practices as well as for the further scientific investigations regarding the development of new herbal drugs.

Nutritional assessment of general population of Faisalabad; Pakistan

Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the nutritional status of general population living in Faisalabad and to determine the association between dietary intake and iron deficiency anemia. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Faisalabad on 216 subjects (11–35 years of age) and subjects were selected using simple random sampling living in during the study. So far the methodology on the basis of the hypothesis of Z- test I have arrived at the conclusion at confidence interval 98% following results were found. Results: Nearly 38.43% of the participants had anemia, among them 21.76% of the participants had mild anemia, 15.74% of the participants had moderate anemia and 0.93% of the participants had severe anemia. The 34.25% of participants were underweight and 9.7% of participants were overweight. More than 55% of females were suffering from anemia. Conclusion: Most of the female participants had anemia. There was a significant association between the intake of meat and hemoglobin level. Hence, special measures should be taken to provide dietary education, especially to females to have healthier mothers in the future.

Multidisciplinary Management of Impacted Supernumerary Teeth.

Background: Mesiodens are supernumerary teeth present in the anterior maxillary region that may erupt or remain embedded in the jawbone. The incidence of mesiodens is rare, surgical removal of supernumerary teeth with correction of anterior teeth by orthodontic treatment is performed. Case Report: This case report represents a very rare incidence of multiple mesiodens in a male patient. Extraction of two mesiodens was indicated, as these impacted supernumerary teeth may cause complications during orthodontic treatment. The third tooth was not operated on the fact that it needs to be extracted by additional extraoral approach involving risk factors. The current case report delineates the fruitful administration of the un-erupted supernumerary teeth situated high in the mid-palatal area not associated with any syndrome. Blends of operating and surgical strategies were utilized to enhance the results with hard and soft tissue conservation, maintenance and support. In the surgical phase, surgical removal of the supernumerary teeth, bone grafting was done using the hydroxyapatite. Radiographic evidence of complete healing was observed following up visit. Conclusion: Timely diagnosis and suitable management can decrease the potential complications due to the presence of supernumerary teeth. Dental clinicians should be aware of related clinical signs and must look for unexpected findings during the routine clinical as well radiological examinations.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography for Exploring Morphology of Mandibular First Molar.

Aims: The root canals have complex morphology and vary widely among individuals variations. The objective of this research was to analyse the morphology of root canals and existence of extra canals in mandibular first molar in subpopulation of Al-Medina Al-Munawarah. Study Design: Experimental/Analytical. Place and Duration of Study: College of dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah Munawwarrah, Saudi Arabia, 2014. Methodology: This study was conducted using freshly extracted mandibular first molars (n=100). All teeth were examined for morphology of roots, root canals and apical foramen by Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). The root canals configuration was classified using Vertucci's classification. Results: All mandibular first molars (100%) had two distinct and clearly separated roots. There was a high probability of two canals (92.5%) in mesial root compared to the distal root that contain two canals only in 20% of teeth. There was no occurrence of more than two roots or more than two canals in any of the roots in the selected teeth. The majority of distal roots (80%) had single canal with type I canal configuration followed by type III (10%), type V (7.5%) and type II (2.5%). The mesial roots presented comparatively complex canals configuration. Type I canal configuration was observed in only 7.5% teeth. The incidence of C shaped canals was very low (2.5%). Conclusion: The occurrence of single rooted mandibular first molars as well as supernumerary roots is very unlikely. The incidence of two distinct canals in mesial root is high (>92%), however distal roots mainly represented one canal (80%).

A review on zizyphus as antidiabetic.

The present review paper aims to highlight the effects of extracts of genus zizyphus for the treatment of Diabetes clinically throughout the world. The basic aim is to study the hyperglycemic effect of this genus and its use. So as the effect of herbal medicine is more friendly then synthetic medicines. The effects of three species Ziziphus spinacristi, Zizyphus jojoba, and Zizyphus vulgaris have been studied clinically and have great effect on insulin secretion. While work on Zizyphus maritiana have also been done. It is concluded that genus zizyphus have potential of antidiabetic activity. Many species of Zizyphus grow widely. As natural drugs are with no or less side effects and safe for human health so they can greatly replace synthetic drugs in the forth coming future.

Multiple arterial variations in the right upper limb of a caucasian male cadaver / Múltiples variaciones arteriales en el miembro superior derecho de un cadáver caucásico masculino

Anatomical variations of the arterial patterns in the upper limb have been describe in many anatomical studies, but the occurrence of four variations in a ipsilateral upper limb is rare. These arterial variations were observed in the right upper limb of a 65 -year old Caucasian male cadaver during routine dissection in the anatomy department, College of Medicine at the King Saud University, Riyadh. These arterial variations include: 1) a large common trunk of the axillary artery giving origin to subscapular artery, profunda brachii artery, common circumflex humoral artery and superior ulnar collateral artery, 2) superficial brachial artery; 3) superficial brachioulnar artery, and 4) the radialis indicis branch from superficial palmar arch. Appreciation of variations in the upper limb vessels is important due to increasing number of procedures both diagnostic and therapeutic as in breast cancer surgery, flap harvesting and arteriogaphy.

En numerosos estudios se han descrito las variaciones anatómicas de los patrones arteriales en el miembro superior, sin embargo, la aparición de cuatro variantes ipsilaterales en un miembro superior es poco frecuente. Estas variaciones arteriales fueron observadas en el miembro superior derecho de un cadáver caucásico masculino de 65 años de edad, durante la disección de rutina en el Departamento de Anatomía de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de King Saud, en Riad. Estas variaciones arteriales incluyen: 1) un gran tronco común de la arteria axilar dando origen a las arterias subescapular, braquial profunda, braquial común y colateral ulnar superior; 2) la arteria braquial superficial; 3) la arteria braquioulnar superficial y 4) la rama radial del índice desde el arco palmar superficial. La observación de variaciones en los vasos del miembro superior es importante debido al número cada vez mayor de procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos, como en la cirugía del cáncer de mama, la recolección de colgajos y arteriografías.

Effects of STZ-induced diabetes on the relative weights of kidney, liver and pancreas in albino rats: a comparative study / Efectos de la diabetes inducida por STZ en los pesos relativos de riñón, hígado y páncreas en ratas albinas: un estudio comparativo

We studied the effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on the body weights of animals and the relative weights of kidney, liver and pancreas in albino rats. The aim of the study was to find an association between the reduction in the body weights of diabetic animals and the relative weights of kidney, liver and pancreas in proportion to the body weight of animals in albino rats. This study was performed in the Department of Anatomy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi and Pathology department of College of Physicians & Surgeons (CPSP) Pakistan in 2007-08. Diabetes was induced by a single dose of STZ (45 mg/kg, b.w.) given intraperitoneally in sodium citrate buffer at pH 4.5. Eighty albino rats were divided into five groups: control (A) and STZ treated (B, C, D, and E) which were sacrificed 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks post treatment respectively. All the animals were weighed prior to the administration of streptozotocin and at sacrificial time. Kidney, liver and pancreas were removed, dried and weighed on Sartorius balance. The body weights of animals in different groups changed at variable time intervals. The Kidney weight was significantly increased, liver weight was slightly increased while the weight of pancreas was unaffected when compared with the weight of diabetic animals. It seems that the STZ-induced diabetes causes a significant reduction in the body weight of diabetic animals while the relative weights of kidney and liver were increased and the weight of pancreas was unaffected.

Se estudiaron en ratas albinas los efectos de la diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina (STZ) sobre el peso corporal de los animales y los pesos relativos de riñón, hígado y páncreas . El objetivo del estudio fue encontrar una asociación entre la reducción del peso corporal de los animales diabéticos y los pesos relativos de riñón, hígado y páncreas en proporción al peso corporal de los animales. Este estudio fue realizado en el Departamento de Anatomía, Instituto de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Médica Baqa y Departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos Pakistán (CPSP) en 2007-08. La diabetes fue inducida por una dosis única de STZ (45 mg / kg de peso corporal) administrados por vía intraperitoneal en tampón de citrato de sodio a pH 4,5. Ochenta ratas Wistar se dividieron en cinco grupos: control (A) y STZ tratadas (B, C, D y E), que se sacrificaron 2, 4, 6 y 8 semanas después del tratamiento respectivamente. Todos los animales fueron pesados antes de la administración de estreptozotocina, y en el momento del sacrificio. El riñón, hígado y páncreas fueron removidos, secados y pesados sobre una balanza Sartorius. El peso corporal de los animales en los diferentes grupos cambió en intervalos de tiempo variables. El peso del riñón aumentó significativamente, el peso del hígado se incrementó ligeramente, mientras que el peso del páncreas no se modificó en comparación con el peso de los animales diabéticos. Parece que la diabetes inducida por STZ causa una reducción significativa del peso corporal de los animales diabéticos, mientras que el peso relativo de los riñones y elhígado se incrementaron y el peso de páncreas no se vio afectado.

Anticoccidial activity of Curcuma longa L. in broilers

Comparative efficacy of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) crude powder and salinomycin sodium on the occurrence of coccidiosis and growth performance of broiler was evaluated. A total of 90, day-old chicks were randomly divided into six groups. From first day onward, ration was supplemented with 1, 2 and 3 percent turmeric powder in groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively, group 1 received salinomycin sodium @ 12 g 50 kg-1 feed while groups 5 and 6 were kept as infected un-medicated and uninfected un-medicated controls. First five groups were infected with Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts @ 1,00,000/chick at the age of 20 days. Body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio were investigated throughout the experimental period, and bloody diarrhea and oocysts excretions were investigated at the first and the second week after infection. Maximum coccidiostatic effect was observed with turmeric (3 percent) showing mild bloody diarrhea as compared to other infected groups receiving turmeric containing rations. This effect was comparable with a standard coccidiostat i.e., salinomycin sodium. Similarly, the weight gain in the groups treated with salinomycin sodium (2280g) and 3 percent turmeric (2293g) were also significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of infected control group (1955g). In the groups treated with ration supplemented with 3 percent turmeric powder and salinomycin sodium, the peak excretion of oocysts was delayed about 1 or 2 days relative to the control infected group. Concentration-dependent coccidiostatic effect of turmeric suggested that further studies should be carried out to determine the possible maximum safe levels of turmeric with least toxic effects to be used as coccidiostat.

Does the existing traditional undergraduate Anatomy curriculum satisfy the senior medical students.

Interns at the end of their clinical year and medical students at the end of their final year were asked to evaluate the anatomy curriculum they had experienced in their undergraduate preclinical years. Most of the respondents found that the gross anatomy taught to them was adequate but the vast majority expressed that clinical anatomy, imaging anatomy and surface and living anatomy were inadequate. Both interns and medical students ranked anatomy courses and integrated clinical topics as the keystone for their clinical training and felt the need of a clinically oriented anatomy curriculum, case studies and participation of clinical faculty members in teaching during the pre-clinical years. Retrospective evaluations at the end of internships and the undergraduate years are helpful “evidence” to be considered when reforming the anatomy curriculum, and in particular when developing a clinical core course in anatomy. The results of such surveys should be taken into consideration when discussing modifications to the anatomy curriculum.

Altered liver morphology and enzymes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats / Morfología y enzimas del hígado alteradas en ratas con diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina

This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship and effects of diabetes on liver morphology, architecture and function. The hepatic effects of diabetes were evaluated in vivo using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats as an experimental model. The degree of hepatic dysfunction was measured by using biochemical parameters like serum transaminases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)and pseudocholinesterase (PChE) while the histopathological studies were carried out to support the enzymic Parameters. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between diabetic hepatic complications and liver enzyme alterations. This study was performed in the Department of Anatomy; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Diabetology and endocrinology of Baqai Medical University, Karachi. Diabetes was induced by a single dose of STZ (45 mg/kg, b.w.) given intraperitoneally in sodium citrate buffer at pH 4.5. Eighty albino rats were divided into five groups: control (A) and STZ treated (B, C, D, and E) which were sacrificed 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks post treatment respectively. Histopathological examination of liver showed accumulation of lipid droplets, lymphocytic infiltration, increased fibrous content, dilatation and congestion of portal vessels and proliferation of bile ducts. Increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ALP and PChE were observed in the liver. It seems that the diabetic complications in the liver like hepatocyte destruction etc. are likely to be due to alterations in enzyme levels.

Este estudio se realizó para evaluar la relación y los efectos de la diabetes sobre la morfología, arquitectura y la función del hígado. Los efectos hepáticos de la diabetes se evaluaron in vivo utilizando estreptozotocina (STZ) para inducir diabetes en ratas como un modelo experimental. El grado de disfunción hepática se midió mediante el uso de parámetros bioquímicos, como las transaminasas séricas (ALT y AST), fosfatasa alcalina (ALP) y pseudocolinesterasa (PChE), mientras que los estudios histopatológicos se llevaron a cabo para apoyar los parámetros enzimáticos. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la asociación entre las complicaciones hepáticas diabéticas y la alteración de enzimas hepáticas. Este estudio se realizó en el Departamento de Anatomía, Instituto de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y el Instituto de Diabetología y Endocrinología de la Baqai Medical University, Karachi. La diabetes fue inducida por una dosis única de STZ (45 mg/kg de peso corporal) administrada por vía intraperitoneal en tampón citrato de sodio a pH 4,5. Ochenta ratas albinas se dividieron en cinco grupos: control (A) y tratados con STZ (B, C, D y E), las que se sacrificaron a las 2, 4, 6 y 8 semanas después del tratamiento. El examen histopatológico de hígado mostró acumulación de gotitas de lípidos, infiltración linfocítica, aumento del contenido de fibras, dilatación y congestión de los vasos portales, y la proliferación de conductos biliares. Aumento de los niveles de aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), ALP y PChE fueron observados en el hígado. Parece que las complicaciones de la diabetes en el hígado como la destrucción de los hepatocitos etc., son probablemente debido a alteraciones en los niveles de las enzimas.

Altered kidney morphology and enzymes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats / Morfología y enzimas renales alteradas en ratas con diabetes inducida por estreptozotocin

We studied the effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on kidney morphology, anatomy, architecture and on the activities of aminotransferases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and pseudocholinesterase (PChE) in albino rats. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between diabetic kidney complications and kidney enzyme alterations. This study was performed in the Department of Anatomy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi and Pathology department of College of Physicians & Surgeons (CPSP) Pakistan in 2007-08. Diabetes was induced by a single dose of STZ (45 mg/kg, b.w.) given intraperitoneally in sodium citrate buffer at pH 4.5. Eighty (80) albino rats were divided into five groups: control (A) and STZ treated (B, C, D, and E) which were sacrificed 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks post treatment respectively. Histopathology of kidney showed lesions similar to human glomerulosclerosis, glomerular membrane thickening, arteriolar hyalinization and tubular necrosis. Increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and pseudocholinesterase (PChE) were observed in the kidney. It seems that the diabetic complications in the kidney are likely to be associated with alterations in enzyme levels.

Se estudiaron los efectos de la diabetes inducida por estreptozotocin (STZ) sobre la morfología, anatomía, arquitectura y sobre las actividades de aminotransferasas (ALT y AST), fosfatasa alcalina (ALP) y pseudocolinesterasa (PChE) en los riñones de ratas albinas. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la asociación entre las complicaciones renales diabéticas y la alteración de las enzimas renales. Este estudio se realizó en el Departamento de Anatomía y el Instituto de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Medicina Baqai, Karachi y el departamento de Patología de Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos (CPSP) Pakistán entre el 2007-2008. La diabetes fue inducida por una dosis única de STZ (45 mg / kg de peso corporal) administrada por vía intraperitoneal en tampón de citrato de sodio a pH 4.5. Ochenta (80) ratas albinas fueron divididas en cinco grupos: control (A) y STZ tratados (B, C, D y E), que se sacrificaron a las 2, 4, 6 y 8 semanas después del tratamiento, respectivamente. La histopatología del riñón mostró lesiones similares a la glomeruloesclerosis en humanos, engrosamiento de la membrana glomerular, hialinización arteriolar y necrosis tubular. Aumento de los niveles de aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), fosfatasa alcalina (ALP) y pseudocolinesterasa (PChE) fueron observados en el riñón. Parece que las complicaciones de la diabetes en el riñón están directamente asociadas con alteraciones en los niveles de las enzimas.

Does the existing traditional undergraduate Anatomy curriculum satisfy the senior medical students? A retrospective evaluation / O currículo tradicional de Anatomia é satisfatório para os estudantes do último ano de medicina? Uma avaliação retrospectiva

Objetivo: Apresentar os resultados de um estudo sobre opiniões e conhecimento de residentes de primeiro ano e estudantes de medicina sobre o Currículo de Anatomia e suas sugestões para organizar um curso de bases clínicas em anatomia. Métodos: Residentes de primeiro ano, ao final de seu ano clínico, e estudantes de medicina ao final de seu ano de graduação foram solicitados a avaliar o Currículo de Anatomia que tiveram nos anos pré-clínicos. Resultados: A maioria dos respondentes avaliou o ensino geral de anatomia adequado, mas a grande maioria considerou os cursos de anatomia clínica, anatomia de imagem e anatomia de superfície e viva muito curtos. Os residentes de primeiro ano e estudantes classificaram os cursos de anatomia e temas clínicos integrados como essenciais para seu treinamento clínico e sentiram a necessidade de um curso de anatomia orientado para a clínica, com estudos de casos e participação de docentes de clínica nos anos de ciclo básico. Conclusões: Avaliações retrospectivas ao final do primeiro ano de residência e no último ano de graduação são ?evidências? úteis a serem consideradas na reforma do currículo de anatomia, especialmente para desenvolver um Curso de Bases Clínicas em anatomia. Os resultados de tais estudos devem ser levados em conta ao se discutirem as modificações do currículo de anatomia.